Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy

Original Article

Age-stratified association between isolated diastolic hypertension and carotid intima-media thickness: results from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Study: Minsung Cho, Jiyen Han, Hansol Choi, Jee-Seon Shim, Sun Jae Jung, Hokyou Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(4):109-119. Published online October 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e18

276 View
8 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The clinical significance of isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), particularly in relation to subclinical vascular changes, remains unclear and may vary across age groups. This study evaluated the age-stratified association between IDH and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 6,759 Korean adults aged 30–64 years from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) cohort. Participants with a history of cardiovascular disease or use of antihypertensive medication were excluded. Blood pressure was classified according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines into four categories: no hypertension, IDH, isolated systolic hypertension, and systolic diastolic hypertension. Carotid IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and vascular thickening was defined as IMT ≥0.857 mm (75th percentile). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with age stratification.
Results
Among participants younger than 50 years, IDH was significantly associated with carotid IMT thickening after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, educational attainment, physical activity, smoking, diabetes, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid-lowering drug use, C-reactive protein, and study site (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.26). No significant association was observed in participants aged 50 years or older (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72–1.09). Both isolated systolic hypertension and systolic diastolic hypertension were associated with carotid IMT thickening in all age groups.
Conclusions
IDH was associated with subclinical vascular changes in younger adults but not in older adults. These findings highlight the age-specific nature of the association of IDH with cardiovascular risk.

Review Articles

Telemedicine for hypertension: opportunities and responsibilities in management: Jiwon Shinn, Hakyoung Park, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(4):155-160. Published online October 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e20

342 View
8 Download

Abstract PDF: Telemedicine, or non–face-to-face medical treatment, has emerged as an innovative healthcare delivery model that leverages information and communication technologies (ICT) to broaden accessibility, efficiency, and patient convenience. Its effectiveness has been particularly evident in chronic disease management, where long-term monitoring and medication adjustments are essential. Hypertension is the condition most frequently treated through telemedicine among individuals aged over 40 years, exemplifying this suitability. Blood pressure management can be effectively supported through platforms capable of remote monitoring, enabling counseling and medication adjustments without the need for routine physical examinations. In Korea, a leading country in ICT, telemedicine holds strong potential for commercialization and rapid growth. However, current services are often general-purpose platforms designed mainly for administrative simplification and do not align with institutional strategies. There is a need for disease-specific, patient-centered platforms tailored to conditions such as hypertension, in which integrated monitoring of blood pressure and lifestyle factors is critical. Such platforms can partially substitute physical examinations to improve both convenience and clinical outcomes. Despite its advantages, telemedicine has raised significant concerns. Convenience-driven misuse and unresolved issues regarding responsibility, liability, and coordination with pharmacies underscore the need for a clearer legal and institutional framework. In Korea, where healthcare access is already high, the relative urgency may appear lower, yet the commercialization potential remains substantial. Ultimately, telemedicine for chronic diseases should focus on improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and enhancing patient satisfaction while safeguarding medical professionalism and ethics.

Managing hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in frail older adults: Jung-Yeon Choi, Cheol-Ho Kim, Kwang-il Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(4):135-140. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e16

372 View
31 Download

Abstract PDF: As the population ages, the prevalence of chronic conditions, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia, is rapidly increasing, particularly among frail older adults. These conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms and substantially contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Effective management is essential for reducing cardiovascular risk; however, older adults present unique challenges, including multimorbidity, polypharmacy, cognitive decline, and functional impairment. Frailty further complicates clinical decision-making and necessitates individualized treatment strategies. This review examines current evidence and clinical guidelines for managing hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in older adults, with a focus on frailty status. It highlights the importance of assessing functional capacity and life expectancy and prioritizing treatments with favorable risk–benefit profiles. Specific recommendations are discussed according to frailty status, including when to initiate or deintensify therapy. Ultimately, a person-centered, geriatric-informed approach is critical to optimize outcomes and preserve quality of life in this vulnerable population.

Zilebesiran: an RNA therapeutic agent interfering with angiotensinogen synthesis: Woong Gil Choi; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(3):102-108. Published online July 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e12

7,525 View
43 Download

Abstract PDF: Hypertension remains a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet rates of blood pressure control remain suboptimal despite the availability of multiple classes of antihypertensive agents. Zilebesiran is a novel small interfering RNA therapeutic that targets hepatic angiotensinogen messenger RNA, offering a unique upstream approach to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system suppression. Conjugated with N-acetylgalactosamine for liver-specific delivery, zilebesiran enables sustained angiotensinogen silencing and long-lasting blood pressure reductions after a single subcutaneous injection. Preclinical studies have demonstrated potent antihypertensive effects with minimal toxicity. Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials (KARDIA-1 and KARDIA-2) confirmed its dose-dependent and durable efficacy, with significant 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure reductions maintained for over 6 months. Zilebesiran also showed a favorable safety profile, with minimal adverse effects and no evidence of renal, hepatic, or electrolyte disturbances. Its long-acting mechanism, reduced dosing frequency, and potential to improve adherence make it a promising therapeutic candidate for both general and resistant hypertension. Ongoing phase 2b studies (KARDIA-3) will further clarify its utility in high-risk patients and those with chronic kidney disease.

Diverse perspectives on remote collaborative care for chronic disease management: Seo Yeon Baik, Hakyoung Park, Jiwon Shinn, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(1):26-32. Published online January 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e5

5,177 View
43 Download

Abstract PDF: Remote collaborative care is a program that improves medical services by linking local and remote physicians with residents in areas where access to medical facilities is limited, utilizing information and communication technology. As a result, patients can obtain medical advice and counseling at local hospitals without needing to travel to distant facilities. This care model involves communication between doctors, facilitating the accurate transfer of medical information and reducing the risk of misunderstandings. For instance, managing conditions such as blood pressure or blood glucose is more straightforward because a local hospital can assess the patient's status while a remote hospital simultaneously provides high-quality, specialized medical services. With the rise in poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes, the need for remote collaborative care has also increased. This care model enables local hospitals to maintain continuous patient care with the support of remote facilities. This is particularly true following acute cardiovascular treatment, where local hospitals, assisted by remote institutions, can safely offer high-quality services such as rehabilitation and follow-up care. Although remote hospitals have many advantages with the increasing number of patients, many difficulties remain in commercializing unsystematized remote collaborative care. Specifically, low reimbursements for medical services must be addressed, proper equipment is needed, more time and effort must be invested, and the liability issue must also be dealt with. Nevertheless, remote collaborative care using information and communication technology will be necessary in the future. Medical staff need to objectively examine the advantages and disadvantages of remote collaborative care from various perspectives and find ways to revitalize it.

Recent evidence on target blood pressure in patients with hypertension: Hack-Lyoung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(1):17-25. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e3

20,980 View
287 Download
2 Citations

Abstract PDF

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease. Achieving and maintaining a specific target blood pressure (BP) is crucial for effectively reducing the risk associated with these conditions. This involves customizing treatments to meet the individual needs of patients with hypertension, ensuring that each person receives the most appropriate care for their particular circumstances. Previously, based on the findings from the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study conducted over the past decade, the target BP for patients with hypertension was set at <140/90 mmHg, regardless of the patient's risk profile. However, new insights from reanalyzed data of studies such as the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial), the STEP (Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients) study, and ACCORD subgroup reanalysis have led to a change in this approach. These studies support a more aggressive target BP of <130/80 mmHg, especially for high-risk patients. The purpose of this article is to offer a thorough review of these updated recommendations and to explain the reasoning behind the revised target BP guidelines for individuals with hypertension.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Intensive Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular and Microvascular Outcomes
Asma Mousavi, Shayan Shojaei, Amir Parsa Abhari, Seyed Alireza Mirhosseini, Rasoul Ebrahimi, Erta Rajabi, Mashood Ahmad Farooqi, Amirali Azizpour, Shiva Armani Moghadam, Toshiki Kuno, Anil Harrison, Wilbert Aronow, Abdul Waheed, Rosy Thachil, Kaveh Hossei
American Journal of Hypertension.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for patients with obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease
Thang Viet Luong, Tien Anh Hoang, Duong Hung Tran, Nguyen Nguyen Khoi Pham, Huy Cong Nguyen, Nam Hoang Nhat Le, Hai Nguyen Ngoc Dang
World Journal of Cardiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Current status of remote collaborative care for hypertension in medically underserved areas: Seo Yeon Baik, Kyoung Min Kim, Hakyoung Park, Jiwon Shinn, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(1):33-39. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e2

4,274 View
39 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background
Remote collaborative care (ReCC) is a legally recognized form of telehealth that facilitates communication between physicians. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of ReCC services and establish a foundation for the usefulness and effectiveness of ReCC.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Digital Healthcare Information System (DHIS) managed by the Korea Social Security Information Service. We extracted data on patients who were registered from January 2017 through September 2023 to investigate the effects of various factors.
Results
A total of 10,407 individuals participated in the remote collaborative consultation service provided by the DHIS. Of these participants, those aged ≥80 years represented 39.2% (4,085 patients), while those aged 70 to 79 years comprised 36.9% (3,838 patients). The conditions treated included hypertension, affecting 69.2% (7,203 patients), and diabetes, affecting 21.1% (2,201 patients). Although various measurement items were recorded, most data beyond blood pressure readings were missing, posing a challenge for analysis. Notably, there was a significant reduction in blood pressure that was sustained at follow-up intervals of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline (all P<0.05).
Conclusions
Owing to the lack of data, follow-up assessments for conditions other than hypertension proved to be challenging. Medical staff should increase their focus on and engagement with the system. Remote consultations have demonstrated efficacy in managing hypertension in medically underserved areas, where access to healthcare services is often limited. This suggests the potential for expanded use of remote chronic care in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impact of caregiver vaccination status on child influenza vaccination hesitancy: A time-to-vaccination analysis for 2023–2024 season in the Republic of Korea
So-Yeon Kim, Minju Song, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon
Vaccine.2025; 49: 126852. CrossRef

Review Articles

Calcium channel blockers for hypertension: old, but still useful: Eun Mi Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(4):113-125. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e16

65,535 View
2,312 Download
20 Citations

Abstract PDF

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) constitute a heterogeneous class of drugs that can be divided into dihydropyridines (DHPs) and non-DHPs. DHP-CCBs are subcategorized into four generations based on the duration of activity and pharmacokinetics, while non-DHP-CCBs are subcategorized into phenylethylamine and benzodiazepine derivatives. DHP-CCBs are vascular-selective and function as potent vasodilators, whereas non-DHP-CCBs are cardiac-selective and are useful for treating tachyarrhythmia, but reduce cardiac contractility and heart rate. Traditional DHP-CCBs (nifedipine) mainly block L-type calcium channels, whereas novel CCBs block N-type (amlodipine) and/or T-type channels (efonidipine) in addition to L-type channels, leading to organ-protective effects. DHP-CCBs have a potent blood pressure–lowering effect and suppress atherosclerosis and coronary vasospasm. Diltiazem, a non-DHP-CCB, is highly effective for vasospasm control. CCBs reduce left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness. Amlodipine, a DHP-CCB, reduces blood pressure variability. L/N- and L/T-type CCBs combined with renin-angiotensin system blockers reduce proteinuria and improve kidney function compared with L-type CCBs. According to large-scale trials, DHP-CCBs reduce cardiovascular events in patients with isolated systolic hypertension, as well as in elderly and high-risk patients. Accordingly, CCBs are indicated for hypertension in elderly patients, isolated systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, and coronary vasospasm. Non-DHP-CCBs are contraindicated in high-grade heart block, bradycardia (<60 beats per minute [bpm]), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). DHP-CCBs should be used with caution in patients with tachyarrhythmia, HFrEF, and severe leg edema, and non-DHP-CCBs should be used carefully in those with constipation. Each CCB has distinct pharmacokinetics and side effects, underscoring the need for meticulous consideration in clinical practice.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Home blood pressure-lowering effect of esaxerenone versus trichlormethiazide for uncontrolled hypertension: a predefined subanalysis of the EXCITE-HT randomized controlled trial by basal calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin receptor blocker
Kazuomi Kario, Hiroyuki Ohbayashi, Masami Hashimoto, Naoki Itabashi, Mitsutoshi Kato, Kazuaki Uchiyama, Kunio Hirano, Noriko Nakamura, Takahide Miyamoto, Hirotaka Nagashima, Hidenori Ishida, Yusuke Ebe, Tsuguru Hatta, Toshiki Fukui, Tatsuo Shimosawa, Tomo
Hypertension Research.2025; 48(2): 506. CrossRef
Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Analysis, Pharmacokinetics, and Inhibition of Mpro and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 by Two Dihydropyrimidines Derivatives
Samia Mammeri, Rachida Kerkour, Nadjib Chafai, Hassina Harkat, Saleh Chafaa
Journal of Molecular Structure.2025; 1324: 140797. CrossRef
Rationale and Design of a Randomized, Open‐Label, Parallel‐Group Study of Esaxerenone Versus Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Older Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension on Calcium Channel Blocker Monotherapy (ESCORT‐HT)
Kazuomi Kario, Tomohiro Katsuya, Tatsuo Shimosawa, Takashi Taguchi, Ayumi Tanabe, Mitsuru Ohishi
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Discovering the natural source-derived antihypertensive compounds aspiring current therapeutic targets by computer-based drug design
Nail Besli, Nilufer Ercin, Rabia Kalkan-Cakmak, Bahar Sarikamis-Johnson, Merve Beker, Ulkan Celik
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2025; 759: 151685. CrossRef
Biginelli dihydropyrimidines and their acetylated derivatives as L‐/T‐type calcium channel blockers: Synthesis, enantioseparation, and molecular modeling studies
Miyase Gözde Gündüz, Cagatay Dengiz, Katrin Denzinger, Sun Huang, J. T. Lee, Jordan W. Nafie, Daniel W. Armstrong, Gerhard Wolber, Gerald W. Zamponi
Archiv der Pharmazie.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Endothelial Dysfunction
Habibe Yılmaz, Ulvi Bayraktutan
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2025; 47(4): 232. CrossRef
Mitigating morphine dependence and withdrawal: The role of venlafaxine and calcium channel blockers in mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in the brain
Radman Amiri, Faezeh Fallah, Behnam Ghorbanzadeh, Ali Akbar Oroojan, Mohammad Amin Behmanesh, Soheila Alboghobeish
Brain Research Bulletin.2025; 226: 111364. CrossRef
Enantioselective toxicity of (S)-amlodipine towards zebrafish embryos: Abnormal ocular development, cardiac dysfunction, and malformed intersegmental vessels
Chaeeun Kim, Donghyeon Kim, Sung-Eun Lee
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 298: 118315. CrossRef
Visible Light‐Driven Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic Frameworks
Narsimhaswamy Dubasi, Ravi Varala, Murali Mohan Achari Kamsali, Mohammed Mujahid Alam
European Journal of Organic Chemistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Simple and Rapid Analytical Method to Detect and Quantify the N‐Nitroso Desmethyl Diltiazem Impurity by Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Diltiazem Hydrochloride
Manoj Kumar Mandapaka, Veeraswami Boddu
SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Natural products and derivatives hold promise to improve treatment of unresponsive tumours
Rosa Jahangiri
Natural Product Research.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Optimization and Validation of an Eco-friendly Stability Indicating UPLC Analytical Method for Amlodipine Besylate Determination
Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim, Mohammed Abdulhadi Alasimi, Doaa Hasan Alshora, Abdelrahman Y. Sherif, Fars Alanazi
Oriental Journal Of Chemistry.2025; 41(3): 984. CrossRef
Nifedipine's Synergistic Therapeutic Potential: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Novel Applications in Pharmacotherapy
Muneeb Ur Rahman, Hafiz Rashid Hussain, Habiba Akram, Faisal Gulzar, Muhammad Nouman, Hassan Farooq, Arslan Ashfaq, Zaha Kalsoom
Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences.2025; 23(2): 101. CrossRef
The Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Enhancing the Efficacy of Anti-Atherosclerosis Therapies: A Review
Arif Budiman, Luthfiyyah Mutmainah, Martina Anjelina, Mila Fitriawati, Eufrasia Pilihanto, Salma Amaliah, Diah Aulifa
International Journal of Nanomedicine.2025; Volume 20: 9825. CrossRef
Repurposing calcium channel blockers and cholinesterase inhibitors for antisnake venom therapy: a mechanistic literature review
Amina Jega Yusuf, Tule Terpase Christian, Nasir Ibrahim, Yusuf Ibrahim Alkali, Jamila Aminu, Sonia Kamran, Abubakar S. Barau, Naushad Hussain, Nurhuda Manshoor, Mustapha Salihu
Discover Chemistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Naringenin promotes coronary vasodilation via inhibition of L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2): Evidence from tissue bath and molecular studies
Puneet Sharma, Pratishtha Sharma, Ashok Gaur, Kirti Purva, Ajay Bhati, Devendra Singh, Lakshmi Kant, Shivangi Gaur, Amit Kumar Pandey
European Journal of Pharmacology.2025; 1008: 178342. CrossRef
Design of Experimental Approach for Development of Rapid High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Process for Simultaneous Estimation of Metoprolol, Telmisartan, and Amlodipine from Formulation: Greenness and Whiteness Evaluation
Mahesh Attimarad, Mohammed Jassim Alali, Hussain Ali Alali, Dana Hisham Alabdulmuhsin, Aljohara Khalid Alnajdi, Katharigatta Narayanaswamy Venugopala, Anroop B. Nair
Molecules.2024; 29(5): 1087. CrossRef
The Evolving Role of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension Management: Pharmacological and Clinical Considerations
Kamryn E. Jones, Shaun L. Hayden, Hannah R. Meyer, Jillian L. Sandoz, William H. Arata, Kylie Dufrene, Corrado Ballaera, Yair Lopez Torres, Patricia Griffin, Adam M. Kaye, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D. Kaye
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(7): 6315. CrossRef
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction: Onset, Progression, and Consequences
Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin, Wiwit Ananda Wahyu Setyaningsih
Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiotensin II Exposure In Vitro Reduces High Salt-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Modulates Cell Adhesion Molecules’ Expression in Human Aortic Endothelial Cell Line
Nikolina Kolobarić, Nataša Kozina, Zrinka Mihaljević, Ines Drenjančević
Biomedicines.2024; 12(12): 2741. CrossRef

Optimal target blood pressure in older patients with hypertension: Kwang-il Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(2):41-48. Published online April 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e4

39,566 View
501 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Hypertension is a common condition among older adults, and blood pressure (BP) control is effective for preventing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even among the oldest-old adults. However, the optimal target BP for older patients with hypertension has been a subject of debate, with previous clinical trials providing conflicting evidence. Determining the optimal target BP for older adults is a complex issue that requires considering comorbidities, frailty, quality of life, and goals of care. As such, BP targets should be individualized based on each patient's unique health status and risk factors, and treatment should be closely monitored to ensure that it is effective and well-tolerated. The benefits and risks of intensive BP control should be carefully weighed in the context of the patient's overall health status and treatment goals. Ultimately, the decision to pursue intensive BP control should be made through shared decision-making between patients and their healthcare providers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Community health worker-led interventions for hypertension
Suning Mao, Liu Liu, Tianyi Wang, Yubin Cao
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Blood pressure control in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Helsi Rismiati, Hae-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(3):99-105. Published online July 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e16

11,231 View
221 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Hypertension is a major cause of maternal morbidity and occurs as a complication in up to one in ten pregnancies. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy encompass gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. However, the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remains a matter of debate, particularly the blood pressure thresholds and targets for managing hypertension in pregnancy. Previously, there was no clear evidence of the effectiveness of aggressive blood pressure control in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal growth restriction. Recent clinical trials have shown that aggressive control of blood pressure in pregnant women is safe for both the mother and fetus. The purpose of this paper is to present a clinically oriented guide to the drugs of choice in patients with hypertension during pregnancy, present contrasts among different guidelines and recent clinical trials, and discuss the blood pressure thresholds and targets for hypertension during pregnancy based on recent studies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Combined Effects of Methyldopa and Baicalein or Scutellaria baicalensis Roots Extract on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Expression of Inflammatory and Vascular Disease-Related Factors in Spontaneously Hypertensive Pregnant Rats
Michał Szulc, Radosław Kujawski, Przemysław Ł. Mikołajczak, Anna Bogacz, Marlena Wolek, Aleksandra Górska, Kamila Czora-Poczwardowska, Marcin Ożarowski, Agnieszka Gryszczyńska, Justyna Baraniak, Małgorzata Kania-Dobrowolska, Artur Adamczak, Ewa Iwańczyk-S
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(11): 1342. CrossRef

Original Article

Association between reproductive aging and hypertension among Korean women: Eunji Kim, Youngrong Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(1):34-41. Published online January 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e2

9,347 View
104 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Although postmenopausal women are well known to have a high prevalence of hypertension, it is unclear whether menopause itself increases blood pressure independently from the known risk factors of hypertension. This study sought to determine whether an association exists between reproductive aging, analyzed as a gradual transition, and an increased risk of hypertension among Korean women.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used baseline data from 5,456 women aged 30 to 64 years who participated in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center study in Korea from 2013 to 2018. The participants’ stage of reproductive aging was assessed by a questionnaire and categorized as premenopause, perimenopause, and postmenopause. Multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between menopausal status and hypertension after adjusting for age, education level, marital status, employment, household income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, body mass index, and hormone replacement therapy use.
Results
The prevalence of hypertension increased with reproductive aging: 9.8% in premenopause, 25.2% in perimenopause, and 27.7% in postmenopause. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for having hypertension was 1.70 (1.07–2.72) for perimenopausal women and 1.14 (0.88–1.48) for postmenopausal women, compared to premenopausal women.
Conclusions
Our study shows that perimenopausal women are at high risk of developing hypertension. Since the menopausal transition may last months or years, blood pressure monitoring and early interventions are crucial for not only postmenopausal women, but also those in the transition.

Review Article

Perioperative Management of Hypertensive Patients: Helsi Rismiati, Hae-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2021;3(3):54-63. Published online July 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2021.3.e7

60,691 View
1,824 Download
2 Citations

Abstract PDF

Due to the high prevalence of hypertension, hypertensive patients undergo perioperative evaluation and management. Severe hypertension may increase the operative risk. However, hypertension with a diastolic blood pressure of less than 110 mmHg usually does not appear to increase the risk. In general, it is recommended that oral antihypertensive drugs be continued before and after surgery. In particular, sympathetic blockers, such as beta-blockers, should be maintained. It is generally recommended to continue intake of calcium channel blockers, especially for surgeries with a low bleeding risk. However, in the case of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, it is recommended that they be stopped 24 hours before surgery because they can inhibit excessive compensatory renin-angiotensin activation during surgery. Statin and aspirin medications are often prescribed for patients with hypertension. It is recommended to continue intake of statins in the perioperative period. Aspirins are recommended for low-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Fast-Track Protocol for Carotid Surgery
Noemi Baronetto, Stefano Brizzi, Arianna Pignataro, Fulvio Nisi, Enrico Giustiniano, David Barillà, Efrem Civilini
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(12): 4294. CrossRef
Comparative Effects of Remimazolam and Propofol on Intraoperative Hypertension and Hypotension During Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis
Jung Min Lee, Joohyun Lee, Se Hee Kang, Kangha Jung, Hyean Yeo, Young Joo
Medicina.2025; 61(9): 1721. CrossRef

Special Articles

Shifting from Pharmacotherapy to Prevention of Hypertension: Bernard Man Yung Cheung, Man-Fung Tsoi; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2020;2(2):33-42. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2020.2.e8

7,971 View
42 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Hypertension is a common chronic disease affecting a large section of the general population. As hypertension is usually asymptomatic, awareness, treatment and control rates are low. Drug side-effects also affect compliance. Hypotension and electrolyte abnormalities in the elderly can be severe. Therefore, prevention is better than cure. As blood pressure rises with age, prevention should be started early. As there are many genes affecting blood pressure, genetic tests are not useful. Good antenatal care and care of preterm infants can help to prevent adult cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Childhood obesity is an important determinant of blood pressure in childhood and adolescence. This is a window of opportunity for prevention. The current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline on hypertension defines stage 1 hypertension as a systolic blood pressure of 130–139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80–89 mmHg. Although this makes many people in the general population hypertensive, stage 1 hypertension in young adults is already associated with increased cardiovascular and mortality risk. Fortunately, hypertension at this early stage is easy to control and weight loss is easier in young males, who can get exercise from work or exercise after work. Leisure-time physical activity seems more beneficial than occupational physical activity. Cardiovascular risk assessment and promoting a healthy lifestyle in the young are likely to forestall hypertension and future cardiovascular disease. Preventing or reversing hypertension is no longer an impossible dream.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Risk of Hypertension: A Case–Control Study
Niloofar Shoaei, Nafiseh Shokri-Mashhadi, Awat feizi, Reza Ghiasvand
High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention.2022; 29(6): 611. CrossRef

Barriers in Salt Reduction Strategies: Time to Acting for the Future: Yong-Jae Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2020;2(4):134-141. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2020.2.e16

6,396 View
64 Download

Abstract PDF: Salt reduction is important for reducing hypertension and the risk of cardiovascular events and stroke. Despite knowledge about the ill consequences, many people continue to consume high levels of salt in their diet. This paper introduces salt-reducing programs for individual, population, and country-level strategies to reduce salt intake. To effectively decrease salt intake, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of high-salt foods and replace high-salt seasonings with low-salt alternatives. Thus, healthcare professionals must effectively provide information on salt-reduction for patients with hypertension. Social strategies, such as voluntary sodium reduction targets for the food industry, are necessary to promote population strategies for salt reduction. In this paper, we examine a brief report on new salt intake values based on chronic disease risk reduction and explain the utilization of mobile health technologies to reduce salt consumption. Considering the relationship between dietary salt intake and the risk of chronic disease, ways to remove the barriers to strategies for salt reduction should be considered, as it is the most effective way for the prevention and control of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the future.

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search