INTRODUCTION

Telemedicine, or non–face-to-face medical treatment, has emerged as an innovative healthcare delivery model. It utilizes information and communication technology to enhance accessibility and meet the growing demand for efficiency in medical services [1]. Telemedicine has proven particularly effective in chronic disease management and preventive medicine, offering patients a convenient alternative to traditional in-person consultations while reducing the burden on overtaxed healthcare systems [2]. Temporarily permitted during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, telemedicine was implemented as a pilot project to improve healthcare accessibility, increase convenience, and promote public health [3,4]. This initiative reflects the government’s proactive efforts to adapt to the rapidly evolving medical landscape shaped by digital health technologies.

TELEMEDICINE FOR HYPERTENSION

Hypertension was the most frequently treated disease through telemedicine among individuals aged 40 years and older [5,6]. Chronic conditions such as hypertension are particularly well suited to telemedicine because they require long-term management and continuous follow-up [7,8]. These diseases can be effectively managed through patient counseling, even without physical examinations such as auscultation, percussion, or palpation. Moreover, drug titration, including initiation, dose modification, and combination therapy, can be effectively conducted within telemedicine settings. The feasibility and efficacy of telemedicine for managing hypertension have already been demonstrated [7–10]. Given these characteristics, telemedicine may be more beneficial for chronic diseases than for acute conditions that carry higher risks.

In addition, such platforms can partially substitute physical examinations like auscultation and percussion, improving both convenience and clinical outcomes. Telemedicine should fundamentally be supported by such disease-specific platforms [11,12]. Although telemedicine has advanced in Korea, platform companies continue to play a pivotal role. However, competition within the commercial sector has intensified, leading to what is often described as a “platform war.” Unfortunately, current telemedicine services in Korea are not aligned with the strategic objectives of medical institutions; rather, they tend to be general-purpose platforms focused on administrative simplification. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the generalization of platforms that attempt to encompass all diseases. Instead, there should be disease-specific and patient-centric platforms tailored to the management of individual conditions [7,13].

Effective hypertension management should prioritize maintaining clinical efficacy and achieving long-term health outcomes. Medication regimens, including additions, reductions, or modifications, can be actively adjusted as part of ongoing care. For example, hypertension management would benefit from platforms capable of continuously monitoring blood pressure [14–17]. This requires a more comprehensive integration of tools that track blood pressure, diet, and calorie intake [18,19]. Such platforms can partially replicate aspects of physical examinations, such as auscultation and percussion, thereby enhancing both convenience and clinical effectiveness (Fig. 1).

TELEMEDICINE HIDDEN BEHIND CONVENIENCE

Although definitive conclusions remain difficult to draw due to limited causal evidence, telemedicine appears to be more frequently used by patients who wish to avoid hospital visits or simply prefer not to visit healthcare facilities. Because telemedicine services have often centered on the convenience of obtaining prescriptions; for example, concerns about potential misuse have grown for contraceptives (hair loss treatments, and erectile dysfunction medications etc.) [20,21]. This trend may conflict with the fundamental goals of telemedicine, raising the possibility that unintended adverse effects could outweigh intended benefits. Therefore, deeper reflection among medical professionals is warranted, and patients need to enhance their awareness and understanding of the true objectives of telemedicine. Otherwise, the evidence-based foundation of telemedicine for hypertension, which has been steadily established over time [7–10], could be undermined.

RESPONSIBILITY IN TELEMEDICINE

However, various problems related to responsibility and accountability may arise in telemedicine. It is generally recognized that applying the same standard of liability to telemedicine as to in-person care may be excessive. Nevertheless, some degree of limitation on medical personnel’s liability is inevitable, given that physicians exercise professional autonomy in determining whether telemedicine is appropriate. This underscores the necessity of obtaining patient consent and providing clear explanations regarding the reasons for using telemedicine, associated precautions, and agreements concerning its implementation [2].

If physicians clearly explain the potential risks of telemedicine and the essential aspects of the patient’s condition, obtaining informed consent can justify partial immunity from liability. For instance, when patients neglect to follow medical advice for extended periods, fail to provide essential health information, or experience technical failures of their personal devices, responsibility may not rest with the physician. The scope of such partial immunity varies depending on the disease’s severity and specific circumstances. Due to the inherent limitations of telemedicine, particularly the lack of comprehensive patient information, broader immunity may be necessary compared with face-to-face care. The issue, however, becomes critical when telemedicine is unavoidable. In these cases, rather than focusing solely on indemnity, it is essential to establish institutional safeguards that can prevent disputes.

These issues stem largely from ongoing legal and institutional uncertainties surrounding telemedicine [22,23]. Accurate clinical judgment is difficult when the continuity of care is disrupted, medical records are incomplete, or liability standards remain ambiguous. Current regulations governing physicians’ responsibility and immunity are insufficient. Therefore, clear legal and institutional guidelines must be established to define the scope of responsibility, conditions for liability exemptions, and the appropriate scope, methods, and procedures for telemedicine practice.

MEDICAL DELIVERY

Telemedicine is designed for situations in which in-person care is difficult due to geographical, temporal, or circumstantial constraints [2,24,25]. Therefore, it is contradictory when a patient who has received telemedicine services is still required to visit a pharmacy. This issue necessitates careful policy review. Although recent amendments to telemedicine legislation have omitted detailed provisions, in practice, a basic “patient management protocol” should be established [2,26,27], particularly for vulnerable populations who constitute the primary beneficiaries of telemedicine. At present, there is no seamless prescription system linking telemedicine services with community pharmacies. Even when telemedicine is integrated with hospital systems, if the linkage does not extend to pharmacies, its fundamental purpose is compromised. Moreover, medical costs may rise if patients incur additional expenses such as delivery fees for medications prescribed through telemedicine.

NEED FOR EDUCATION IN TELEMEDICINE FOR BOTH PHYSICIANS AND PATIENTS

Telemedicine guidelines emphasize its role as a supplement to in-person care; however, its safe and effective use depends on adequate education for both physicians and patients [2]. Physicians must be trained to identify appropriate clinical contexts for telemedicine, as studies have demonstrated that chronic disease management, such as hypertension, can achieve outcomes comparable to those of traditional care, whereas misuse in acute conditions may increase risks. Physicians also require digital literacy, including knowledge of device interoperability, data governance, and cybersecurity, as emphasized in the World Health Organization’s digital health strategy [28,29]. Evidence indicates that clinical outcomes improve when telemedicine is implemented within structured protocols, underscoring the need for clinician training [30]. Patients, meanwhile, must be educated on accurate self-monitoring, since errors in blood pressure measurement or data recording can compromise effectiveness [31]. Older adults and individuals with limited health literacy particularly benefit from tailored digital training programs, which reduce anxiety and enhance adherence. Unlike traditional visits, telemedicine transfers a portion of responsibility to patients, requiring them to actively engage in symptom reporting and treatment compliance. Educating both physicians and patients strengthens trust in telemedicine, enhances satisfaction, and reduces unnecessary emergency department and hospital visits. Therefore, dual-track education for both groups is essential to ensure that telemedicine functions as a safe, evidence-based complement to face-to-face care rather than a convenience-driven substitute.

PHYSICIAN AUTONOMY AND PATIENT CHOICE

Although a tension exists between physician autonomy and patient choice, physicians’ professional judgment must be respected when they determine that telemedicine is inappropriate. In such situations, physicians may decline to provide telemedicine services and instead recommend in-person care. Healthcare providers should conduct thorough interviews and emphasize the importance of follow-up visits if symptoms persist. This pilot project underscores the principle of physician autonomy, allowing clinicians to recommend in-person consultations when telemedicine is deemed unsuitable [4]. Refusal to provide telemedicine services in these cases does not constitute a denial of care. To prevent misunderstanding between patients and healthcare providers, patient awareness and understanding of telemedicine should be improved. Therefore, telemedicine-specific education for both doctors and patients remains necessary [2].

CONCLUSIONS

Telemedicine for hypertension management is expected to become firmly established in Korea in the near future. As a global leader in information and communications technology, Korea possesses strong potential for rapid expansion in this field. However, many healthcare professionals who will lead its implementation still lack a comprehensive understanding of its scope and benefits. It is therefore time to move beyond simple opposition and approach telemedicine for hypertension with objective and evidence-based judgment.

Numerous studies have already confirmed the feasibility and clinical effectiveness of telemedicine for hypertension [32–34]. Home blood pressure monitoring combined with regular telemedicine consultations has been shown to significantly improve both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with conventional face-to-face care [35,36]. Moreover, medication adjustments can be safely performed in remote settings when physicians provide continuous feedback and verification. Although self-measurement errors may lead to potential side effects, empowering patients to become active participants in their own health management, while enhancing their digital and health literacy, is essential [37]. Thus, the importance of physician supervision and patient education should be consistently emphasized [2]. Furthermore, telemedicine platforms for hypertension management must incorporate robust technical safeguards, such as encryption, anonymization, and strict access control, to protect personal health information [38]. Multidisciplinary collaboration among physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and dietitians is also fundamental for achieving comprehensive and sustainable hypertension care [39]. Although telemedicine use remains limited at present, broader discussions and structured frameworks are necessary for future expansion. Physicians’ ethical responsibilities remain unchanged, yet new challenges and liabilities may arise. While the relative importance of telemedicine may be lower in Korea due to its high accessibility to healthcare, its potential for commercialization and innovation is greater than in many other countries. Ultimately, telemedicine for hypertension should aim to improve blood pressure control, enhance patient experience, reduce costs, and increase overall patient satisfaction.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Author contributions

Conceptualization: HSK; Formal analysis: all authors; Funding acquisition: HSK; Investigation: HSK; Methodology: HSK; Project administration: HSK; Resources: HSK; Software: HSK; Supervision: HSK; Validation: HSK; Visualization: JS; Writing–original draft: JS, HSK; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT (No. RS-2025-19612980).

Fig. 1.

Telemedicine in hypertension care.

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References

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